I.
Definitions
11. PSYCHOLOGICAL WARFARE. Psychological warfare has
been defined as warfare psychologically waged; that is, military opera-
tions carried out with close and studied reference to the politics, opinion,
and morale of the enemy. It is not in this sense that the term has been
used in American practice during World War II. Psychological warfare
has been, more narrowly, defined as comprising the use of propaganda
against an enemy, together with such other operational measures of a
military nature as the effective use of propaganda may require.
12.
PROPAGANDA. Propaganda may be loosely described as
"organized non-violent persuasion." More technically, it may be defined
for Army purposes as follows: Military propaganda consists of the planned
use of any form of communication designed to affect the minds and emotions
of a given enemy, neutral, or friendly foreign group for a specific strategic
or tactical purpose.
13.
OVERT PROPAGANDA. Overt or "white" propaganda is
propaganda which is officially or otherwise plainly issued from a known
source. (See Illustrations #1, #4, or #5, as opposed to #9, which falsely im-
plies that it is of American origin.)
14. COVERT PROPAGANDA. Covert or "black" propaganda is
issued from a concealed or falsified source. (Illustration #9; or a radio
station which pretends to be a "freedom station" and is actually operated
by one of the belligerent powers.)
15.
STRATEGIC PROPAGANDA. Strategic propaganda is directed
at enemy forces, enemy peoples or enemy-occupied areas in their entirety
and--in coordination with other strategically planned means--is designed
to effectuate results sought over a long period of time.
16. TACTICAL PROPAGANDA. Tactical propaganda (sometimes
called "combat propaganda") is directed at specific audiences, and is pre-
pared and executed in support of combat operations.
17. CONSOLIDATION PROPAGANDA. Consolidation propaganda
is directed toward civil populations in areas occupied by a military force
and is designed to insure compliance with the commands promulgated by
the commander of the occupying force.
18. COUNTERPROPAGANDA. Counterpropaganda is designed to
refute a specific point or theme of enemy propaganda.
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